What is MOTS-C Peptide Researched For? A Comprehensive Scientific Overview
Imagine a single peptide that could revolutionize our understanding of cellular energy, aging, and metabolic health. What is MOTS-C peptide researched for? This fascinating mitochondrial-derived peptide has captured the attention of researchers worldwide, emerging as one of the most promising compounds in modern longevity and metabolic research. As scientists delve deeper into the mysteries of cellular communication and energy production, MOTS-C stands at the forefront of breakthrough discoveries that could reshape how we approach age-related diseases and metabolic dysfunction.
Key Takeaways
• MOTS-C is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that plays a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism and communication between mitochondria and the nucleus
• Primary research applications include aging studies, metabolic disorders, exercise physiology, and cellular energy optimization
• Scientific investigations focus on its potential mechanisms for enhancing insulin sensitivity, promoting longevity, and improving physical performance
• Current research demonstrates promising results in animal models for treating diabetes, obesity, and age-related metabolic decline
• Pure Tested Peptides provides over 99% pure MOTS-C for research applications, supporting the scientific community with high-quality research materials
Understanding MOTS-C: The Mitochondrial Messenger
MOTS-C (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) represents a groundbreaking discovery in the field of mitochondrial biology. This 16-amino acid peptide is encoded by the mitochondrial genome and serves as a crucial messenger between cellular powerhouses and the nucleus. When researchers ask what is MOTS-C peptide researched for, they’re exploring one of the most significant advances in understanding how our cells communicate and maintain energy homeostasis.
The discovery of MOTS-C has fundamentally changed our perspective on mitochondrial function. Unlike traditional views that portrayed mitochondria as simple energy factories, we now understand these organelles as sophisticated communication centers capable of influencing entire cellular programs through peptide signaling.
The Science Behind MOTS-C
MOTS-C belongs to a family of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) that represent a new class of bioactive molecules. These peptides are encoded by short open reading frames within mitochondrial genes, challenging the traditional understanding of the mitochondrial genome’s coding capacity.
Research has revealed that MOTS-C acts as a retrograde signaling molecule, meaning it travels from mitochondria to the nucleus to influence gene expression. This communication pathway allows mitochondria to directly impact cellular metabolism, stress responses, and aging processes.
The peptide’s structure consists of 16 amino acids with the sequence: NH2-MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR-COOH. This compact structure enables it to cross cellular membranes efficiently and interact with various cellular targets.
For researchers investigating metabolic pathways and cellular communication, peptides for sale online from reputable suppliers provide essential tools for advancing scientific understanding.
Mechanisms of Action
Current research indicates that MOTS-C operates through multiple mechanisms:
🔬 Nuclear Translocation: MOTS-C can translocate to the nucleus under stress conditions, where it regulates gene expression related to cellular adaptation and survival.
⚡ Metabolic Regulation: The peptide influences glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and energy homeostasis through various cellular pathways.
🧬 Epigenetic Modulation: MOTS-C may affect epigenetic modifications, influencing how genes are expressed without changing DNA sequences.
🛡️ Stress Response: The peptide plays a role in cellular stress responses, potentially enhancing resistance to various forms of cellular damage.
Primary Research Applications: What is MOTS-C Peptide Researched For in Modern Science?
The question of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for encompasses a broad spectrum of scientific investigations. Researchers across multiple disciplines are exploring this peptide’s potential applications in understanding fundamental biological processes and developing therapeutic strategies.
Metabolic Research and Diabetes Studies
One of the most prominent areas where scientists investigate what is MOTS-C peptide researched for involves metabolic disorders and diabetes research. Studies have demonstrated that MOTS-C administration can significantly improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in animal models.
Key Research Findings:
- Enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
- Improved insulin sensitivity in liver tissues
- Reduced hepatic glucose production
- Activation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathways
Research conducted on diabetic mouse models showed that MOTS-C treatment resulted in a 40% improvement in glucose tolerance and a 35% increase in insulin sensitivity compared to control groups [1]. These findings suggest significant potential for understanding metabolic dysfunction mechanisms.
The peptide appears to work by enhancing cellular energy sensing mechanisms and promoting more efficient glucose utilization. This research is particularly relevant for understanding Type 2 diabetes progression and potential intervention strategies.
Scientists studying metabolic pathways often require high-quality research materials. Those looking to buy peptides for metabolic research can find reliable sources that meet stringent purity standards.
Obesity and Weight Management Research
Another critical area where researchers explore what is MOTS-C peptide researched for involves obesity and weight management studies. MOTS-C has shown promising effects on body composition and metabolic rate in various research models.
Research Observations Include:
- Reduced adipose tissue accumulation
- Enhanced fat oxidation rates
- Improved metabolic flexibility
- Increased energy expenditure
Studies indicate that MOTS-C treatment can lead to significant reductions in body fat percentage while preserving lean muscle mass. This effect appears to be mediated through enhanced mitochondrial function and improved cellular energy metabolism.
The peptide’s influence on metabolic rate suggests it may play a role in regulating the body’s energy balance systems. Research has shown that MOTS-C can increase oxygen consumption and heat production, indicating enhanced metabolic activity.
For comprehensive metabolic research, scientists often explore synergistic peptide combinations to understand complex biological interactions.
Cardiovascular Health Research
Cardiovascular research represents another significant area where scientists investigate what is MOTS-C peptide researched for. The peptide’s effects on metabolic health extend to cardiovascular function and protection.
Cardiovascular Research Areas:
- Endothelial function improvement
- Blood pressure regulation
- Cardiac metabolism enhancement
- Vascular protection mechanisms
Research has demonstrated that MOTS-C may help protect against cardiovascular disease through multiple mechanisms, including improved endothelial function and enhanced cardiac energy metabolism.
Aging and Longevity Research: MOTS-C’s Role in Cellular Maintenance
The field of aging research has embraced MOTS-C as a potential key to understanding longevity mechanisms. When examining what is MOTS-C peptide researched for in gerontology, scientists focus on the peptide’s ability to maintain cellular function and promote healthy aging.
Mitochondrial Function and Aging
Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular aging. MOTS-C research has revealed its potential role in maintaining mitochondrial health and function throughout the aging process.
Age-Related Research Focus Areas:
- Mitochondrial biogenesis promotion
- Cellular energy production maintenance
- Oxidative stress reduction
- DNA damage prevention
Studies in aged animal models have shown that MOTS-C levels naturally decline with age, correlating with decreased metabolic function and increased age-related pathology. Supplementation studies have demonstrated potential for reversing some age-related metabolic decline.
Research indicates that MOTS-C treatment can restore mitochondrial function in aged cells to levels approaching those seen in younger cells. This restoration includes improved ATP production, enhanced respiratory capacity, and reduced oxidative stress markers.
Cellular Stress Resistance
Another crucial aspect of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for involves cellular stress resistance and adaptive capacity. The peptide appears to enhance cellular resilience to various forms of stress.
Stress Resistance Research:
- Heat shock response enhancement
- Oxidative stress protection
- Metabolic stress adaptation
- Inflammatory response modulation
Studies have shown that MOTS-C can activate cellular stress response pathways, including heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzyme systems. This activation helps cells better cope with environmental stressors and maintain function under challenging conditions.
The peptide’s role in adaptive capacity represents a significant area of research interest for understanding how cells maintain homeostasis.
Longevity Pathway Activation
Research into what is MOTS-C peptide researched for in longevity studies has revealed its potential influence on key longevity pathways, including AMPK activation and mTOR modulation.
Longevity Research Findings:
- AMPK pathway activation
- Autophagy enhancement
- Protein synthesis regulation
- Cellular maintenance improvement
These pathways are crucial for maintaining cellular health and promoting longevity. MOTS-C’s ability to influence these systems suggests it may play a fundamental role in aging processes.
Exercise Physiology and Performance Research
The investigation of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for in exercise science has revealed fascinating connections between this mitochondrial peptide and physical performance, adaptation, and recovery.
Exercise-Induced MOTS-C Response
Research has demonstrated that exercise naturally increases MOTS-C levels, suggesting an important role in exercise adaptation and metabolic flexibility.
Exercise Research Findings:
- Increased MOTS-C expression following exercise
- Enhanced exercise capacity with supplementation
- Improved metabolic flexibility during activity
- Faster recovery between exercise sessions
Studies show that acute exercise can increase MOTS-C levels by up to 50% in skeletal muscle tissue, indicating its importance in exercise-induced metabolic adaptations [2].
Athletic Performance Studies
When researchers examine what is MOTS-C peptide researched for in athletic performance, they focus on its potential to enhance endurance, strength, and recovery.
Performance Research Areas:
- Endurance capacity enhancement
- Strength and power output improvement
- Exercise efficiency optimization
- Recovery acceleration
Animal studies have shown that MOTS-C treatment can significantly improve running capacity and exercise endurance. These effects appear to be mediated through enhanced mitochondrial function and improved cellular energy production.
Muscle Metabolism Research
The peptide’s effects on muscle metabolism represent a crucial area of investigation in exercise physiology research.
Muscle Research Focus:
- Glucose uptake enhancement
- Fat oxidation improvement
- Protein synthesis regulation
- Muscle fiber type optimization
Research indicates that MOTS-C can enhance both glucose and fat utilization in skeletal muscle, potentially improving metabolic flexibility during exercise.
For researchers studying exercise physiology and muscle metabolism, accessing high-quality research peptides is essential for conducting meaningful studies.
Current Research Methodologies and Study Designs
Understanding what is MOTS-C peptide researched for requires examining the methodological approaches scientists use to study this peptide. Current research employs various sophisticated techniques and study designs to investigate MOTS-C’s mechanisms and effects.
In Vitro Research Approaches
Laboratory-based cellular studies form the foundation of MOTS-C research, allowing scientists to examine the peptide’s effects at the cellular and molecular level.
Common In Vitro Methods:
- Cell culture studies using various cell lines
- Mitochondrial function assays
- Gene expression analysis
- Protein interaction studies
- Metabolic flux measurements
These studies have revealed fundamental mechanisms of MOTS-C action, including its effects on cellular metabolism, gene expression, and mitochondrial function.
Animal Model Studies
Animal research provides crucial insights into what is MOTS-C peptide researched for in whole organism contexts, allowing researchers to study systemic effects and long-term outcomes.
Animal Research Models:
- Mouse models of aging and metabolic disease
- Exercise performance studies in rodents
- Longevity studies in various species
- Disease-specific animal models
These studies have demonstrated significant effects on metabolism, exercise capacity, and aging-related parameters across multiple species.
Human Research Considerations
While most current research focuses on cellular and animal models, preliminary human studies are beginning to explore MOTS-C’s role in human physiology.
Human Research Areas:
- MOTS-C level measurements in different populations
- Exercise-induced changes in MOTS-C
- Age-related variations in peptide levels
- Disease-associated alterations
These studies provide important translational insights connecting laboratory findings to human biology.
Safety and Research Considerations
When investigating what is MOTS-C peptide researched for, scientists must carefully consider safety protocols and research standards to ensure meaningful and reliable results.
Research Quality Standards
High-quality MOTS-C research requires pure, well-characterized peptide preparations. Pure Tested Peptides has established itself as the leading supplier of research-grade MOTS-C, providing over 99% pure peptides that meet stringent research standards.
Quality Considerations:
- Peptide purity verification
- Proper storage and handling protocols
- Standardized dosing procedures
- Consistent research methodologies
Researchers seeking reliable MOTS-C for sale can access high-quality preparations that support reproducible research outcomes.
Research Protocol Development
Successful MOTS-C research requires carefully designed protocols that account for the peptide’s unique properties and mechanisms of action.
Protocol Considerations:
- Appropriate dosing strategies
- Timing of administration
- Route of delivery optimization
- Outcome measurement selection
These factors are crucial for obtaining meaningful research results and advancing our understanding of MOTS-C’s potential applications.
Future Research Directions
The question of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for continues to expand as scientists discover new potential applications and mechanisms of action.
Emerging Research Areas:
- Neurological and cognitive function studies
- Cancer metabolism research
- Immune system modulation
- Reproductive health investigations
These expanding research frontiers suggest that MOTS-C’s importance in biological systems may be even broader than currently understood.
MOTS-C Research Timeline & Applications
Interactive timeline showing key research milestones and applications
Research Supply and Quality Considerations
When examining what is MOTS-C peptide researched for, the quality and purity of research materials play a crucial role in obtaining reliable and reproducible results. Pure Tested Peptides has established itself as the premier supplier of research-grade MOTS-C in the United States, providing scientists with over 99% pure peptides that meet the highest research standards.
Importance of Peptide Purity in Research
The purity of MOTS-C preparations directly impacts research outcomes and the reliability of scientific conclusions. High-purity peptides ensure that observed effects are attributable to MOTS-C rather than contaminants or degradation products.
Quality Standards Include:
- >99% purity verification through advanced analytical methods
- Mass spectrometry confirmation of molecular structure
- Endotoxin testing to ensure biological safety
- Stability testing under various storage conditions
- Certificate of analysis for each batch
Research institutions and scientists seeking to buy MOTS-C for their studies require these quality assurances to maintain research integrity and reproducibility.
Storage and Handling Protocols
Proper storage and handling of MOTS-C are essential for maintaining peptide integrity throughout research studies. Understanding what is MOTS-C peptide researched for includes knowing how to preserve its biological activity.
Storage Recommendations:
- Lyophilized peptide: Store at -20°C or below
- Reconstituted solutions: Use within 2-4 weeks at 4°C
- Avoid freeze-thaw cycles to prevent degradation
- Use sterile techniques during reconstitution
- Protect from light during storage and handling
These protocols ensure that researchers obtain consistent results and can accurately assess MOTS-C’s effects in their studies.
Research Documentation and Traceability
Comprehensive documentation is crucial for research involving MOTS-C. This includes maintaining detailed records of peptide sources, batch numbers, storage conditions, and preparation methods.
Documentation Requirements:
- Peptide source and batch information
- Storage condition monitoring
- Preparation and dilution records
- Administration protocols
- Outcome measurements
This documentation supports research reproducibility and enables other scientists to replicate and build upon published findings.
Emerging Research Frontiers
The scope of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for continues to expand as scientists discover new applications and mechanisms of action. Current research trends suggest several emerging frontiers that may significantly impact future scientific understanding.
Neurological and Cognitive Research
Recent investigations have begun exploring MOTS-C’s potential role in neurological function and cognitive health. While this research is in early stages, preliminary findings suggest interesting connections between mitochondrial peptides and brain function.
Neurological Research Areas:
- Neuroprotection mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases
- Cognitive function and memory formation
- Brain metabolism and energy utilization
- Neuroplasticity and synaptic function
These studies represent an exciting expansion of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for in neuroscience applications.
Cancer Metabolism Studies
The role of MOTS-C in cancer metabolism has emerged as another important research frontier. Cancer cells often exhibit altered mitochondrial function and metabolism, making MOTS-C a peptide of interest in oncology research.
Cancer Research Focus:
- Tumor metabolism regulation
- Chemotherapy resistance mechanisms
- Cancer cell energy production
- Metastasis prevention strategies
Understanding how MOTS-C affects cancer cell metabolism could provide insights into novel therapeutic approaches.
Immune System Research
Emerging evidence suggests that MOTS-C may influence immune system function, opening new avenues for immunology research.
Immune Research Applications:
- Immune cell metabolism regulation
- Inflammatory response modulation
- Autoimmune disease mechanisms
- Vaccine response enhancement
These applications represent significant expansions in understanding what is MOTS-C peptide researched for in immunological contexts.
For researchers exploring these emerging frontiers, access to high-quality MOTSC for sale from reliable suppliers is essential for conducting meaningful studies.
Research Methodological Advances
Understanding what is MOTS-C peptide researched for also involves examining how research methodologies continue to evolve and improve. Advanced techniques are providing deeper insights into MOTS-C’s mechanisms and effects.
Advanced Analytical Techniques
Modern research employs sophisticated analytical methods to study MOTS-C’s effects at molecular and cellular levels.
Analytical Methods Include:
- Mass spectrometry for peptide quantification
- Proteomics for protein interaction studies
- Metabolomics for metabolic pathway analysis
- Genomics for gene expression studies
- Bioenergetics for mitochondrial function assessment
These techniques provide comprehensive insights into how MOTS-C affects cellular function and metabolism.
Multi-Omics Approaches
Contemporary research increasingly employs multi-omics approaches to understand MOTS-C’s systemic effects.
Multi-Omics Integration:
- Genomics + Proteomics for comprehensive molecular profiling
- Metabolomics + Transcriptomics for pathway analysis
- Epigenomics for gene regulation studies
- Systems biology modeling for network analysis
These integrated approaches provide holistic understanding of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for across multiple biological levels.
Translational Research Models
Advancing from laboratory studies to clinical applications requires sophisticated translational research models.
Translational Approaches:
- Humanized animal models for better clinical relevance
- Organ-on-chip technology for human tissue modeling
- Biomarker development for clinical assessment
- Pharmacokinetic studies for dosing optimization
These models bridge the gap between basic research and potential clinical applications.
Global Research Collaborations and Initiatives
The question of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for is being addressed through international collaborative efforts that pool resources and expertise from multiple institutions.
International Research Networks
Global research networks are accelerating MOTS-C research by facilitating collaboration between institutions worldwide.
Collaboration Benefits:
- Resource sharing for expensive equipment and techniques
- Expertise exchange between specialized research groups
- Standardized protocols for reproducible research
- Large-scale studies with diverse populations
These collaborations enhance the quality and scope of MOTS-C research globally.
Funding and Research Support
Significant funding from government agencies and private organizations supports MOTS-C research across multiple applications.
Funding Sources:
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants
- National Science Foundation (NSF) support
- Private foundation funding
- Industry partnerships for translational research
This funding enables comprehensive investigation of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for across diverse research areas.
Research Infrastructure Development
Advanced research infrastructure supports sophisticated MOTS-C studies and enables breakthrough discoveries.
Infrastructure Components:
- Specialized laboratory facilities for peptide research
- Advanced instrumentation for molecular analysis
- Data management systems for large-scale studies
- Biorepositories for sample storage and sharing
This infrastructure supports high-quality research and enables scientists to access MOTS C peptide for sale from reliable sources.
Research Ethics and Regulatory Considerations
Understanding what is MOTS-C peptide researched for requires careful consideration of ethical and regulatory frameworks that govern peptide research.
Research Ethics Guidelines
Ethical considerations are paramount in MOTS-C research, particularly as studies progress toward potential clinical applications.
Ethical Frameworks:
- Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for human studies
- Animal welfare protocols for preclinical research
- Informed consent procedures for human participants
- Risk-benefit assessments for research protocols
These guidelines ensure that MOTS-C research is conducted responsibly and ethically.
Regulatory Compliance
Research institutions must comply with various regulatory requirements when conducting MOTS-C studies.
Regulatory Requirements:
- FDA guidelines for investigational new drugs
- Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) standards
- International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines
- Institutional compliance with research regulations
Compliance with these regulations ensures research quality and supports potential future clinical development.
Data Sharing and Publication Standards
Open science principles promote data sharing and transparent publication of MOTS-C research findings.
Publication Standards:
- Peer review processes for quality assurance
- Data availability statements for reproducibility
- Conflict of interest disclosures
- Methodological transparency for replication
These standards support the integrity and reproducibility of MOTS-C research.
Future Directions and Research Opportunities
The expanding scope of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for suggests numerous future research opportunities that could significantly advance scientific understanding and potential applications.
Personalized Medicine Applications
Future research may explore how individual genetic variations affect MOTS-C function and response, leading to personalized approaches.
Personalized Research Areas:
- Genetic polymorphisms affecting MOTS-C activity
- Individual response variations to MOTS-C
- Biomarker development for personalized assessment
- Precision dosing strategies based on individual characteristics
These approaches could optimize research protocols and improve study outcomes.
Technology Integration
Emerging technologies offer new opportunities for studying what is MOTS-C peptide researched for with unprecedented precision and scope.
Technology Applications:
- Artificial intelligence for data analysis and pattern recognition
- Machine learning for predictive modeling
- Nanotechnology for targeted delivery systems
- Wearable sensors for continuous monitoring
These technologies could revolutionize how researchers study MOTS-C effects and mechanisms.
Combination Research Strategies
Future studies may explore MOTS-C in combination with other peptides or interventions to understand synergistic effects.
Combination Approaches:
- Multi-peptide research protocols
- Exercise + MOTS-C intervention studies
- Dietary interventions combined with MOTS-C
- Pharmaceutical combinations for enhanced effects
Research institutions exploring these combinations can access comprehensive peptide libraries to support their investigations.
Research Impact and Scientific Significance
The growing body of research addressing what is MOTS-C peptide researched for has significant implications for multiple fields of science and medicine.
Scientific Paradigm Shifts
MOTS-C research has contributed to fundamental shifts in understanding mitochondrial biology and cellular communication.
Paradigm Changes:
- Mitochondria as signaling centers rather than just energy factories
- Retrograde signaling importance in cellular regulation
- Peptide hormones from organelles beyond traditional endocrine glands
- Aging mechanisms involving mitochondrial-nuclear communication
These shifts have broad implications for understanding cellular biology and disease mechanisms.
Translational Potential
Research findings addressing what is MOTS-C peptide researched for have significant potential for translation to clinical applications.
Translational Opportunities:
- Metabolic disease intervention strategies
- Aging-related condition treatments
- Exercise performance optimization
- Preventive medicine approaches
This translational potential drives continued research investment and scientific interest.
Research Community Impact
MOTS-C research has fostered new collaborations and research networks across multiple disciplines.
Community Benefits:
- Interdisciplinary collaboration between metabolism, aging, and exercise researchers
- Methodological advances applicable to other peptide research
- Training opportunities for next-generation scientists
- Research infrastructure development for peptide studies
These impacts extend beyond MOTS-C research to benefit the broader scientific community.
Conclusion
The comprehensive exploration of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for reveals a fascinating and rapidly expanding field of scientific investigation. From its initial discovery as a mitochondrial-derived peptide to its current status as a key player in metabolic regulation, aging research, and exercise physiology, MOTS-C represents one of the most promising areas of contemporary biomedical research.
Current research demonstrates MOTS-C’s significant potential across multiple applications, including metabolic disorder studies showing 35-40% improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, aging research revealing its role in maintaining cellular function and promoting longevity, and exercise physiology investigations demonstrating enhanced performance and adaptation. These findings establish MOTS-C as a crucial mediator of cellular energy metabolism and inter-organelle communication.
The quality and purity of research materials remain paramount for advancing our understanding of MOTS-C’s mechanisms and effects. Pure Tested Peptides continues to lead the industry in providing over 99% pure MOTS-C peptides that meet the highest research standards, supporting scientists worldwide in their investigations.
Key takeaways for researchers include:
• Diverse applications spanning metabolic health, aging, exercise physiology, and emerging areas like neuroscience and immunology
• Robust methodologies employing advanced analytical techniques and multi-omics approaches
• Quality requirements for peptide purity and research protocols
• Collaborative opportunities through international research networks and funding initiatives
• Future potential for personalized medicine and technology-integrated research approaches
As research continues to expand our understanding of what is MOTS-C peptide researched for, new opportunities emerge for breakthrough discoveries that could revolutionize our approach to metabolic health, aging, and human performance optimization.
Next Steps for Researchers
For scientists interested in exploring MOTS-C research:
- Establish research protocols with appropriate quality controls and analytical methods
- Access high-purity peptides from reputable suppliers like Pure Tested Peptides
- Collaborate with established research networks to leverage expertise and resources
- Stay current with emerging research findings and methodological advances
- Consider interdisciplinary approaches that integrate multiple research perspectives
The future of MOTS-C research holds tremendous promise for advancing our understanding of cellular biology and developing innovative approaches to health and disease. As this field continues to evolve, researchers have unprecedented opportunities to contribute to groundbreaking discoveries that could transform medicine and human health.
References
[1] Lee, C., et al. (2015). “The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance.” Cell Metabolism, 21(3), 443-454.
[2] Reynolds, J.C., et al. (2021). “MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis.” Nature Communications, 12, 470.